Front Cover; Pressure Retarded Osmosis ; DEDICATION; Pressure Retarded OsmosisRenewable Energy Generation and RecoveryEdited byKhaled TouatiFernando TadeoSung Ho ChaeJoon Ha Ki ... ; Copyright; CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; INTRODUCTION; 1 PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS; 2 THIS BOOK; One -- Pressure Retarded Osmosis as Renewable Energy Source; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY; 2.1 Free Energy of Mixing; 3. PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS; 3.1 Osmotic Processes; 3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis; 3.1.2 Forward Osmosis; 3.1.3 Pressure Retarded Osmosis.
3.2 Reversible Mixing in Pressure Retarded Osmosis3.3 Nonreversible Mixing in Pressure Retarded Osmosis (Pressure Retarded Osmosis Under Constant Applied Pressure); 3.4 Basic Concept of Pressure Retarded Osmosis; 3.5 Water and Salt Fluxes Across a Pressure Retarded Osmosis Membrane in Ideal and Real Cases; 3.5.1 Ideal Membrane With Perfect Hydrodynamics; 3.5.2 Realistic Membrane With Reverse Salt Flux and Concentration Polarization; 3.5.3 Concentration Polarization in Pressure Retarded Osmosis; 3.5.3.1 Internal Concentration Polarization; 3.5.3.2 External Concentration Polarization.
3.5.3.2.1 Concentrative External Concentration Polarization3.5.3.2.2 Dilutive External Concentration Polarization; 3.6 Pressure Retarded Osmosis Power Density; 4. DEVELOPMENT OF PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS; 4.1 Chronological Evolution of the Pressure Retarded Osmosis Process; 4.2 Pressure Retarded Osmosis Models' Progress; 4.2.1 Loeb Model; 4.2.2 Lee Model; 4.2.3 Achilli Model; 4.2.4 Yip Model; 4.2.5 Sivertsen Model for a Hollow Fiber Pressure Retarded Osmosis Membrane; 4.2.6 Touati Model; 4.3 Pressure Retarded Osmosis Membranes Development; 4.3.1 Flat-Sheet Membrane Development.
4.3.1.1 Cellulose Acetate Membrane4.3.1.2 Thin-Film Composite Pressure Retarded Osmosis Membrane; 4.3.2 Hollow Fiber Pressure Retarded Osmosis Membrane; 5. INTEGRATION OF PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS WITH DESALINATION PROCESSES; 6. PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS; 6.1 Membrane Fouling; 6.2 Membrane Scaling; 6.3 Concentration Polarization; 6.4 Membrane Deformation; 7. PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS ENERGY COST; 8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; 9. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS; REFERENCES; FURTHER READING; Two -- Water and Salt Fluxes in Pressure Retarded Osmosis.
1. INTRODUCTION2. MODELING; 2.1 Basic Models for Water and Salt Fluxes; 2.2 Concentration Polarization; 2.2.1 Internal Concentration Polarization; 2.2.2 External Concentration Polarization; 2.2.2.1 External Concentration Polarization on the Draw Solution Side; 2.2.2.2 External Concentration Polarization on the Feed Solution Side; 2.3 Model of the Water and Salt Fluxes; 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS; 3.1 Solution Chemistries; 3.2 Membranes; 3.3 Pressure Retarded Osmosis Bench Scale; 4. EXPERIMENTAL; 4.1 Evaluation of Membrane Coefficients; 4.2 Model Validation.
