Refugees in Europe, 1920-1948 -- Human rights: a "window of opportunity"? -- Jewish refugees: the long way from the camps to Palestine -- Political developments: the British, the Americans, the Zionists, and the Palestine question -- British immigration policy -- Italy and the Allies, 1943-1948 -- Italy and the Jews: the Fascist burden and the war time rescue -- Jewish refugees in Italy -- Britain and Italy: politics and pressures -- The Italians and the Zionists, the clandestine cooperation and the La Spezia affair -- Britain and the Jewish refugees: resistance and human rights -- Refugees as international actors or pawns.