| Description |
1 online resource (318 pages) |
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text txt rdacontent |
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computer c rdamedia |
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online resource cr rdacarrier |
| Note |
Description based on print version record. |
| Summary |
"Presents students, researchers, and practitioners with an all-new set of problems and solutions commonly faced by structural geologists and tectonics researchers. Topics covered include: the interpretation of structures to understand tectonics, from cross-section balancing to integrating geodesy and geology; inferring strains and stresses from observations; field methods and modern satellite analysis; structural techniques in petroleum geoscience; and novel integration of structural geology and computer science. This book is an essential how-to guide for students of structural geology and tectonics, and can be used as practice and inspiration for professional geologists"-- Page 4 of cover. |
| Contents |
Front Cover -- Problems and Solutions in Structural Geology and Tectonics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Series -- Preface -- Reference -- Part I: Integrating Observation and Interpretation to Understand Tectonics, Past and Present -- Chapter 1: Cross-Section Construction and Balancing: Examples From the Spanish Pyrenees -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cross-Section Construction -- 2.1. Cross-Section Line Selection -- 2.2. Data Projection -- 2.3. Interpretation of the Structure -- 3. Cross-Section Balancing -- 3.1. Bed-Length Balancing -- 3.2. Area Balancing -- 3.2.1. Equal-Area Restoration -- 3.2.2. Excess-Area Restoration -- 3.3. Final Remarks -- 4. Problems and Solutions -- 4.1. Problem 1 (Cross-Section Construction) -- 4.2. Problem 2 (Bed-Length Balancing) -- 4.3. Problem 3 (Bed-Length and Area-Excess Balancing) -- 4.4. Problem 4 (Equal-Area Restoration) -- 4.5. Solutions -- 4.5.1. Solution to Problem 1 -- 4.5.2. Solution to Problem 2 -- 4.5.3. Solution to Problem 3 -- 4.5.4. Solution to Problem 4 -- 4.5.5. Alternative Solution to Problem 4 -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2: Techniques for the Field Measurement and Analysis of the Orientation of Strata Dipping < -- 10 degrees -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Geologic Setting -- 2. Measuring and Comparing the Orientations of Very Gently Dipping Bedding Planes -- 2.1. Finding the Mean Orientation of Very Gently Dipping Bedding Planes Within a Structural Domain -- 2.2. Comparing Two Populations of Bedding-Plane Attitudes -- 2.3. Example Problems -- 3. Using bedding plane attitudes to estimate the attitude of the axis of a very gentle fold -- 4. Using Geologic Maps to Characterize Very Gentle Macroscale Folds -- Problems -- Solutions -- Acknowledgments -- References. |
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Chapter 3: Using Global Positioning System (GPS) Data in Structural Geology to Better Understand Tectonic Motions and Ear ... -- 1. Introduction to the Global Positioning System -- 2. Finding Velocities from GPS Data -- 3. Horizontal Velocity Differences Across a Region -- 4. Components of Strain -- 4.1. Translation -- 4.2. Removing the Effect of Translation -- 4.3. Rotation -- 4.4. Distortion and Area Strain-Change in Shape or Size -- 5. GPS Data in California -- Solutions -- Question 1 -- Question 2 -- Question 3 -- Question 4 -- Question 5 -- Question 6 -- Question 7 -- Question 8 -- Question 9 -- Question 10 -- Question 11 -- Question 12 -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: What Do Earthquake Magnitudes Mean? Example of the Kaikoura, New Zealand, 2016 Event -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Earthquake Magnitude -- 3. Earthquake Stress Drop -- 4. Tectonic Setting of the Kaikoura Earthquake -- 5. Observations in the Kaikoura Earthquake -- 6. Questions -- 7. Solutions -- 7.1. Estimate the Magnitude of the Kaikoura Earthquake -- 7.2. What Would the Magnitudes Be If Faults Ruptured Individually? -- 7.3. Stress Drop in the Kaikoura Earthquake -- 7.4. Estimates of Earthquake Repeat Times -- 8. Final Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Relating Observed Deformation to Stress and/or Strain History -- Chapter 5: Fluid-Pressure Effects on Deformation: Analysis of the Lusi Mud Volcano -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stresses in the Earth -- 3. Extension Fractures -- 4. Observations in Lusi -- 5. Questions -- 6. Solutions -- 6.1. Inferred Fluid-Pressure State -- 6.2. Inferring a Fluid-Pressure Distribution With Depth -- 6.3. A Possible Explanation for Mud Volcano Eruption -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Using Length-to-Throw Ratio to Assess the Viability of a Fault Framework Interpretation -- References. |
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Chapter 7: Kinematics of Pure Shear Ductile Deformation Within Rigid Walls: New Analyses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pure Shear Kinematics -- 2.1. One Boundary Stationary and the Other Moves -- 2.2. Both the Boundaries Move (Fig. 3A) -- 3. Discussions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Finite Strain Analysis Using Shape and Point Data -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Getting Data From Geological Images -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Manual Preprocessing -- 2.3. Image Analysis and Parameter Calculation -- 2.4. Using the C++ Code -- 3. Using Shape Data for Strain Analysis -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Principles Behind the Mean Radial Length Method -- 3.3. Implementation and Example Calculation -- 3.4. Confidence Intervals -- 4. Using Point Data for Strain Analysis -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Principles of DTNNM -- 4.3. Implementation of DTNNM -- 5. Example Application -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Further Readings -- Chapter 9: Unfolding Veined Fold Limbs to Deduce a Basin's Prefolding Stress State -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Regional Framework -- 3. Methodology -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Rursee, North Eifel, Germany -- 4.2. Urftsee, North Eifel, Germany -- 4.3. Intermullion Veins, High-Ardenne Slate Belt, Belgium -- 4.3.1. Bütgenbach -- 4.3.2. Houffalize -- 4.3.3. Bastogne Mardasson -- 4.3.4. Bertrix -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Opposite Dip of Unfolded Veins -- 5.2. Consistent Vein Orientation Throughout the HASB -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Data Availability -- References -- Part III: Observations and Interpretations in Fieldwork and Hand Specimens -- Chapter 10: Recognition of Structures in Mid-crustal Shear Zones and How to Discern Between Them -- 1. Crustal Scale Shear Zone -- 2. Types of Structures Useful to Determine Shear Sense Within a Shear Zone -- 2.1. Lineations -- 2.2. Foliations -- 2.3. Shear Zone-Associated Folds. |
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3. How to Properly Infer Sense of Shear and Some Known Problems -- Questions and Solutions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 11: Early or Late Structures in Thermogene Travertines? Open-Air Lessons Across Rome to Focus on and Answer this ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Setting -- 3. Introduction to Temporal Relationships between Rock Structures -- 4. Method and Limitations -- 5. Open-Air Lessons: Observations and Interpretations -- 5.1. Rationale -- 5.2. Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica -- 5.3. Orazio Giustiniani Square -- 5.4. Great Mosque of Rome -- 5.5. Hotel Atlantico -- 5.6. Augusto Imperatore Square -- 6. Further Sites -- 7. Discussion and Conclusions -- 8. Final Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: No Rock Is Accidental! Stratigraphy, Structure, and Tectonics in the Wilson Cycle -- 1. Introduction -- 2. No Rock Is Accidental -- 3. Science as a Socratic Seminar -- 4. A Rationale for the Wilson and Tectonic Rock Cycle Models -- 5. Wilson Cycle Model Seminar-Lab Exercises: An Introduction to Stratigraphy, Structure, and Tectonics -- 6. Testing Your Knowledge of the Wilson Cycle -- 7. Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13: Integrating Structural and Stratigraphic Field Data to Build a Tectonic Model for the Mid-Atlantic Appalachia ... -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The Different Expressions of Tectonic Energies -- 1.2. The Importance of Field-focused Tectonic Investigations -- 2. The Project -- 2.1. Field Data Collection -- 2.2. Constructing the Cross-Sections -- Question 1 -- Question 2 -- 2.3. Interpretation -- Question 1 -- Question 2 -- 2.4. Interpretation -- 2.4.1. Assembling the Tectonic Synthesis -- 3. Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendices. |
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Appendix A. Field Data Sheets Used by Students to Collect Stratigraphic and Structural Data in the Field (Front Side), wit ... -- Appendix B. Generalized Stratigraphy of the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge Provinces of the Mid- Atlantic Region, Includi ... -- References -- Further Reading -- Part IV: Adding Modern Methods to Field Geology -- Chapter 14: From Google Earth to 3D Geology Problem 1: Understanding Structures and Generating Geological Maps using Goog ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mapping Structures From Google Earth -- 3. Problem -- 3.1. Getting Familiar With the Area -- 3.1.1. Initial step-Inspect Satellite Imagery -- 3.1.2. Getting Familiar With the Structure -- 3.1.3. Exploring Topography -- 3.2. Mapping -- 3.2.1. Defining Mappable Units -- 3.2.2. Creating the Geological Map -- 3.2.3. Sketch a Schematic Profile Across the Mapping Area -- 3.3. Evaluating Results -- 4. Solution -- 4.1. Topography and Mapping Resolution -- 4.2. Topography and Structure -- 4.3. Topography Quantification -- 4.4. Defining Mappable Units -- 4.5. Mapping -- 4.6. Profile -- 4.7. Assessment of Mapping -- 4.8. Geologic Evolution of the Area Based on Own Mapping and Comparison With Geological Map -- 5. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 15: From Google Earth to 3D Geology Problem 2: Seeing Below the Surface of the Digital Earth -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preparation -- 2.1. Installation Using Anaconda -- 3. Geological Modeling From Google Earth -- 3.1. Extracting Information From Google Earth -- 3.2. Processing Geographic Data Using Python -- 3.3. Fitting of a Plane to a Set of Points -- 3.4. 3D Geological Modeling -- 4. Problem -- 4.1. Step 1: Extraction of Data From Google Earth -- 4.2. Step 2: Process Coordinate Points and Add Altitude Values -- 4.3. Step 3: Create Geological Model -- 4.4. Step 4: Postprocess Results for Visualization and Interpretation. |
| Subject |
Geology, Structural.
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| Genre/Form |
exercise books.
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Problems and exercises
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Problems and exercises.
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Problèmes et exercices.
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| Added Author |
Billi, Andrea, editor.
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Gaerend, Åke, editor.
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Mukherjee, Soumyajit, editor.
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| ISBN |
0128140496 |
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9780128140499 |
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0128140488 |
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9780128140482 |
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