Front Cover -- Assisted History Matching for Unconventional Reservoirs -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction and literature review -- 1.1 Motivation -- 1.2 Literature review -- 1.2.1 History matching algorithms -- 1.2.2 Fracture modeling -- 1.2.3 Other challenges in unconventional reservoirs -- 1.3 Assisted history matching in unconventional reservoirs -- References -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Assisted history-matching framework -- 2.2 Embedded discrete fracture model -- 2.3 Reservoir simulator -- 2.3.1 Multiphase flow governing equations
2.4 Proxy model -- 2.4.1 k-nearest neighbors -- 2.4.2 Neural networks -- 2.5 Proxy-based Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm -- 2.5.1 Markov chain Monte Carlo -- 2.5.2 Proxy-based MCMC algorithm and stopping criteria -- 2.6 Steps in assisted history-matching workflow -- 2.6.1 Parameters identification and screening -- 2.6.1.1 Multiple objective functions -- 2.6.2 History matching -- 2.6.3 Probabilistic forecasting -- References -- 3 Validation of assisted history matching for a synthetic shale gas well -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Case 1: hydraulic fractures only -- 3.2.1 Reservoir model
3.2.2 History matching -- 3.2.3 Posterior distribution -- 3.2.4 Production forecast -- 3.2.5 Pressure visualization -- 3.3 Case 2: hydraulic fractures and natural fractures -- 3.3.1 Reservoir model -- 3.3.2 History matching -- 3.3.3 Posterior distribution -- 3.3.4 Production forecast -- 3.3.5 Pressure visualization -- 3.4 Remarks -- 4 Shale-gas well in Longmaxi Shale with bi-wing hydraulic fractures -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reservoir model -- 4.3 Comparison between EDFM and LGR -- 4.4 Parameters identification and screening -- 4.5 History matching -- 4.6 Probabilistic production forecasting
4.7 Remarks -- References -- 5 Shale-gas well in Marcellus Shale with bi-wing hydraulic fractures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Reservoir model -- 5.3 Sensitivity analysis -- 5.4 History matching -- 5.5 Posterior distribution of matrix and fracture parameters -- 5.6 Probabilistic production forecasting -- 5.7 Remarks -- Reference -- 6 Proxy comparison between neural network and k-nearest neighbors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Reservoir model -- 6.3 Parameters identification and screening -- 6.4 History matching -- 6.5 Probabilistic forecasting -- 6.6 Remarks -- References
7 Shale-gas well with and without enhanced permeability area -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Parameters identification and screening -- 7.3 History matching -- 7.4 Probabilistic forecasting -- 7.5 Remarks -- References -- 8 Shale-gas well with and without natural fractures -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Reservoir model -- 8.3 History matching -- 8.3.1 Case 1: hydraulic fractures only (no natural fractures) -- 8.3.2 Case 2: hydraulic fractures and natural fractures (with NF) -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.5 Probabilistic production forecast -- 8.6 1000 History-matching solutions from neural networks
