| Description |
1 online resource |
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text txt rdacontent |
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computer c rdamedia |
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online resource cr rdacarrier |
| Series |
History of toxicology and environmental health |
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History of toxicology and environmental health.
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| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| Summary |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. |
| Note |
Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed October 26, 2018). |
| Contents |
Front Cover -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographical Notes -- CO-EDITORS -- CO-AUTHORS -- Preface to the Series -- Preface for The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- 1 -- Setting the Scene -- 1.1 -- The Introduction and Influence of the Concept of Humane Experimental Technique -- 1. INHUMANITY AND THE THREE RS CONCEPT -- 2. PROGRESS FOLLOWING THE PUBLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES -- 3. ALTERNATIVES -- 4. PROGRESS IN THE 1980S -- 5. INTO THE 1990S -- REFERENCES -- 1.2 -- Types of Toxicity and Applications of Toxicity Testing -- 1. THE NEED FOR TESTING -- 2. TYPES OF TOXICITY TEST -- 3. APPLICATIONS OF TOXICITY TESTING -- 4. RISK MANAGEMENT -- 5. THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL TESTS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 1.3 -- The Key Technologies -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS -- 2.1 Tissue Culture Systems -- 2.2 Reporter Gene Assays and Biosensors -- 2.3 Miniaturised and Large-Scale Culture Systems -- 2.4 Toxicogenomics and Proteomics -- 2.5 Other Enabling Technologies -- 3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 -- Contributions From Countries, Regions and Organisations -- 2.1 -- Alternative Methods in Toxicity Testing in the UK -- 1. EARLY DAYS -- 2. THE FUND FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS -- 3. THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE THREE RS -- 4. OTHER ORGANISATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.2 -- Contributions From the German-Speaking Countries -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SWITZERLAND -- 2.1 The Foundation Research 3R -- 2.2 The Swiss Institute for Alternatives to Animal Testing -- 2.3 The Fondation Egon Naef Pour la Recherche In Vitro -- 2.4 Swiss Governmental Agency Support for the Three Rs Concept -- 3. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GERMANY. |
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3.1 Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergaenzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET) -- 3.2 Reducing Animal Numbers in Regulatory Toxicity Testing -- 3.3 The Regulatory Acceptance of In Vitro Toxicity Tests Successfully Validated at ZEBET -- 3.4 The Funding of Research on In Vitro Toxicity Testing in Germany -- 3.5 ZEBET's Wider Activities -- 4. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AUSTRIA -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.3 -- Contributions to Alternatives From Italy and Spain -- 1. ACTIVITIES IN ITALY RELATED TO ALTERNATIVE METHODS -- 1.1 The Italian Association for In Vitro Toxicology -- 1.2 The Italian National Platform for Alternative Methods -- 1.3 The Italian National Reference Centre -- 1.4 The Three Rs Declaration of Bologna -- 2. ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN RELATED TO IN VITRO PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY -- 2.1 The ICLAS/CSIC Working Group on Complementary Methods -- 2.2 The Spanish Working Group on Alternative Methods -- 2.3 The 3ERRES Mailing List on Alternatives -- 2.4 Spanish Scientific Productivity Related to In Vivo and In Vitro Alternative Methods -- 2.5 The Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory Animals -- 2.6 The Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods -- REFERENCES -- 2.4 -- Contributions to Alternatives From The Netherlands, Belgium and France -- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN THE NETHERLANDS -- 1.1 Early Years -- 1.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 1.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 1.3.1 National Initiatives -- 1.3.2 International Initiatives -- 1.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN BELGIUM -- 2.1 Early Years -- 2.2 More-recent Three Rs Developments in Belgium -- 3. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN FRANCE -- 3.1 Early Years. |
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3.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 3.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 3.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 3.5 Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 2.5 -- Contributions of the Scandinavian Countries to the Development of Non-Animal Alternatives in Toxicology -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO METHODS -- 2.1 Cell Toxicology -- 2.2 Neurotoxicology -- 2.3 Ocular Toxicology -- 2.4 Tissue Modelling -- 2.5 Reproductive Toxicology -- 2.6 Toxicokinetics and Biotransformation Modelling -- 2.7 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing In Vitro -- 2.8 Ecotoxicology -- 2.9 Skin Sensitisation -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN INDUSTRY -- 4. FINANCING RESEARCH ON NON-ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES, 1980-2016 -- 5. RESEARCH CENTRES ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 6. EDUCATION AND NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 7. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2.6 -- The Three Rs and Alternatives in the VisegrAd (V4) Countries -- 1. CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES JOIN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE EU -- 2. INITIAL THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- 3. THREE RS ACTIVITIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC -- 3.1 The TEMPUS Joint European Project -- 3.2 World Congresses on Alternatives -- 3.3 Visit of Professor William Russell in 1997 -- 3.4 Alternatives Conference in Prague, 2001 -- 3.5 SSCT Meeting, 2009 -- 3.6 Major Collaborations -- 3.7 Government Organisations -- 3.8 The State Veterinary Administration -- 4. ACTIVITIES IN SLOVAKIA -- 4.1 Early Developments in Slovakia -- 4.2 The National Scientific Network on Alternative Methods -- 4.3 The Slovak Toxicology Society -- 4.4 Interdisciplinary Toxicology -- 4.5 The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic -- 4.6 The Private Sector -- 4.7 International Collaboration -- 5. ACTIVITIES IN HUNGARY -- 5.1 Organisations -- 5.2 Governmental Institutions. |
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5.3 The Private Sector -- 5.4 International Collaborations -- 5.5 Journal -- 6. THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN POLAND -- 6.1 Animal Experimentation in Poland -- 6.2 The Promotion of Alternatives -- 6.3 International Scientific Collaboration -- 6.4 Concluding Comment -- REFERENCES -- 2.7 -- Australia and New Zealand -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE 1989 AUSTRALIAN SENATE REPORT -- 3. LOCAL FACTORS -- 3.1 The Australian Anti-Venom Industry -- 3.2 Facial Eczema in Sheep -- 4. PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXIN -- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING -- 6. COSMETICS TESTING -- 7. ORGANISATIONS -- 8. CURRENT REGULATORY INTEREST -- 9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.8 -- Japanese Contributions to the Development of Alternative Test Methods -- 1. THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS -- 1.1 JSAAE Activities -- 1.2 International Cooperation -- 1.3 What Is Next for the JSAAE? -- 2. THE BACKGROUND TO JACVAM -- 2.1 What Is JaCVAM's Role? -- 2.2 Regulatory Acceptance and Ongoing Studies -- REFERENCES -- 2.9 -- Contributions to the Development of Alternatives in Toxicology in China and Brazil -- 1. INTRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA AND BRAZIL -- 2. ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA -- 2.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in China -- 2.2 The Regulatory Framework in China -- 2.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in China -- 2.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within China -- 2.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 2.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in China -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN BRAZIL -- 3.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in Brazil -- 3.2 The Regulatory Framework in Brazil -- 3.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in Brazil -- 3.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within Brazil. |
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3.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 3.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in Brazil -- REFERENCES -- 2.10 -- The Role of ECVAM -- 1. THE EARLY YEARS OF ECVAM, 1991-2002 -- 1.1 Validation -- 1.2 Workshops and Task Forces -- 1.3 Biologicals -- 1.4 In-house Research -- 1.5 Collaboration in Education and Training -- 1.6 The ECVAM Scientific Information Service -- 1.7 Collaborations -- 1.8 Summary -- 2. THE EVOLUTION OF ECVAM AND ITS NETWORKS -- 3. ECVAM ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EU POLICY DRIVERS FOR ALTERNATIVES -- 3.1 EU Legislation on Cosmetic Products -- 3.2 The EU Chemicals Policy -- REACH -- 3.3 Other EU Chemicals Policies Relevant to Alternatives -- 3.4 The European Citizens' Initiative `Stop Vivisection' -- 4. ECVAM'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE OECD -- 4.1 OECD Projects of the TGs Programme Currently (Co- )led by ECVAM -- 4.2 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics -- 4.3 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Working Party on Hazard Assessment -- 5. FUTURE OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2.11 -- The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in the USA and Europe -- 1. CAAT-USA -- 2. CAAT-EUROPE -- 3. THE CAAT PROGRAMMES -- 3.1 The Grants Programme -- 3.2 The Avon Programme Project -- 3.3 The Communications Programme -- 3.4 Workshops and Technical Reports -- The t4 Programme -- 3.5 Education Programmes -- 3.6 The Refinement Programme -- 3.7 US and EU Policy Programmes -- 4. FROM A SYMPOSIUM SERIES TO WORLD CONGRESSES -- 5. TOXICOLOGY TESTING IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- THE HUMAN TOXOME PROJECT -- 6. THE EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 7. THE GREEN TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 8. THE READ-ACROSS PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- 9. THE GOOD CELL CULTURE PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. |
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2.12 -- USA: ICCVAM and NICEATM. |
| Subject |
Alternative toxicity testing.
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Clinical toxicology.
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Toxicology -- Animal models.
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Animal Testing Alternatives -- history |
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Toxicity Tests -- methods |
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Toxicity Tests -- history |
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Toxicology -- ethics |
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Animal Testing Alternatives |
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Expérimentation animale -- Alternative.
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Toxicologie clinique.
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Toxicologie -- Modèles animaux.
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SCIENCE -- Life Sciences -- Biochemistry.
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Alternative toxicity testing
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Clinical toxicology
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Toxicology -- Animal models
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| Added Author |
Balls, Michael, 1938- editor.
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Combes, Robert D., editor.
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Worth, Andrew P., editor.
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| Other Form: |
Print version: History of alternative test methods in toxicology. London ; San Diego, CA : Academic Press, [2019] 0128136979 9780128136973 (OCoLC)1022789072 |
| ISBN |
9780128136980 (electronic bk.) |
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0128136987 (electronic bk.) |
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9780128136973 |
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0128136979 |
| Standard No. |
AU@ 000064468444 |
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AU@ 000065066865 |
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