Populists' moral condemnation of Russia's political and social systems / Isaiah Berlin -- Lenin: proletarian revolution has to be made inevitable / Alfred G. Meyer -- Before 1905: oscillation between "small deeds" and "senseless dreams" / George Fischer -- After 1905: revolution or cooperation with government? / Michael Karpovich -- Pobedonostsev: preserve the autocratic system and its institutions / Arthur E. Adams -- Save Russia by rapid and forceful industrialization / Sergei Witte -- Stolypin: to save the Crown suppress revolutionaries and create individual peasant landowners / Leonid I. Strakhovsky -- Agrarian situation was improving / Lazar Volin -- Industrial progress was improving the economic system / Alexander Gershenkron -- Modernization was making revolution more remote / Michael Karpovich -- No political alternative to autocracy had adequate support / C. E. Black -- Nicholas II was a bulwark against reform / Donald W. Treadgold.
