Micro and nanolignin in aqueous dispersions and polymers : interactions, properties, and applications / edited by Debora Puglia, Carlo Santulli, Fabrizio Sarasini.
Front Cover -- Micro and Nanolignin in Aqueous Dispersions and Polymers -- Micro and Nanolignin in Aqueous Dispersions and Polymers: Interactions, Properties, and Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 -- Microlignin: where to find it and how to recover it -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of lignin -- 3. Lignin fractionation processes -- 3.1 Industrial scale processes -- 3.2 Lab-scale processes -- 4. Lignin based micro-particles -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Color characteristics of microlignin -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromophores in lignin -- 2.1 Coniferaldehyde and ferulic acid -- 2.2 Stilbenes and their unsaturated groups -- 2.3 Condensation products -- 2.4 Quinones and quinonemethides -- 2.5 Metal and hydrogen-bonded complexes -- 3. Color evaluation of lignin -- 3.1 ISO brightness -- 3.2 CIE L∗a∗b∗ -- 3.3 Munsell color system -- 3.4 UV-Vis and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy -- 3.5 Other color evaluation methods of lignin -- 4. Color reduction of lignin -- 4.1 Traditional bleaching and lignin degradation -- 4.2 Auxochromic effect of phenolic hydroxyl and methoxy -- 4.3 Fractionation contributions to the color of lignin -- 4.4 Micromorphology influence on the color of lignin -- 5. Color-dependent utilization of lignin -- 5.1 Lignin-based sunscreens -- 5.2 Lignin-based dispersants -- 5.3 Lignin-based inks -- 6. Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 -- Lignin depolymerization for monomers production by sustainable processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Depolymerization methodologies -- 2.1 Reductive depolymerization -- 2.2 Oxidative depolymerization -- 2.3 Acid-/base-catalyzed depolymerization -- 2.3.1 Acid-catalyzed depolymerization -- 2.3.2 Base-catalyzed depolymerization -- 2.4 Thermal depolymerization -- 2.5 Electrochemical depolymerization -- 2.6 Photocatalytic depolymerization.
2.7 One-pot depolymerization -- 2.8 Biological depolymerization -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- 4 -- Nanolignin: extraction methodologies and their impact assessment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodologies for nanolignin extraction -- 2.1 Precipitation-based methods -- 2.2 Nonprecipitation methods -- 3. Impact assessment of nanolignin extraction -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- Lignin-based composites for packaging applications -- List of abbreviations -- 1. Lignin-based additives for packaging -- 1.1 Structure-property relationship -- 1.1.1 Influence of biomass origin on lignin structure -- 1.1.2 Influence of biomass pulping on lignin structure -- 1.2 Antioxidant activity of isolated lignins -- 1.3 Antimicrobial capacity of isolated lignins -- 2. Lignin-derived composites for packaging -- 2.1 Polysaccharide/lignin composites -- 2.2 Protein/lignin composites -- 2.3 Composites with artificial polymers -- 3. Future perspectives -- 3.1 Low-input crops-a promising biorefinery feedstock -- 3.2 Multivariate analysis for biomass origin specification and lignin quality assurance -- References -- 6 -- Lignin as a flame retardant for biopolymers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Flame-retardant character of raw lignin -- 3. Functions of lignin in flame-retardant systems -- 3.1 Unmodified lignin -- 3.2 Functionalized lignin -- 3.2.1 Functionalized lignin in thermoplastic polymers -- 3.2.2 Functionalized lignin in thermosetting polymers -- 4. Nanolignin as a flame retardant for polymers -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Manufacture and application of lignin-based carbon fibers and lignin-based carbon nanofibers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From lignin to biocarbon -- 2.1 Production of lignin-based carbon fibers -- 2.2 Carbon aerogels -- 3. Important characteristics -- 4. Future applications of lignin-based carbon -- 4.1 Composite reinforcement -- 4.2 Adsorbent.
4.3 Electrodes for supercapacitors -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- The use of lignin as a precursor for carbon fiber-reinforced composites -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 History of lignin-based carbon fiber development -- 2. Lignin-based CF production -- 2.1 Lignin PF feedstock and its extraction -- 2.2 Fiber spinning -- 2.2.1 Melt spinning -- 2.2.2 Wet spinning -- 2.3 PF stabilization -- 2.4 PF carbonization -- 2.5 CF surface treatment for deployment in composite materials -- 3. Key structure-property relationships determining lignin CF properties -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- 9 -- Effect of lignin on bio-based/oil-based polymer blends -- 1. The effect of lignin on polymer blends -- 1.1 The effect of lignin on bio-based polymer blends -- 1.1.1 Polysaccharide/lignin -- 1.1.2 Natural rubber/lignin -- 1.1.3 Protein/lignin -- 1.1.4 Polylactic acid/lignin -- 1.2 The effect of lignin on oil-based polymer blends -- 1.2.1 Polyester/lignin -- 1.2.2 Polyether/lignin -- 1.2.3 Polyethylene/lignin -- 1.2.4 Polypropylene/lignin -- 1.3 The effect of lignin on bio-based/oil-based polymer blends -- 1.3.1 Polypropylene/polylactic acid/lignin -- 1.3.2 The effect of lignin addition to the polypropylene/polylactic acid/lignin blends -- 1.3.3 The effect of lignin size on the polypropylene/polylactic acid/lignin blends -- 1.3.4 The effect of modified lignin on the polypropylene/polylactic acid/lignin blends -- 2. Conclusion -- References -- 10 -- Polymeric composites and nanocomposites containing lignin: structure and applications -- 1. Use of lignin in polymeric composites and nanocomposites -- 1.1 Structure and applications -- 2. Food packaging applications -- 3. UV absorption -- 4. Environmental remediation -- 5. Drug delivery and biomedical applications -- 6. Agriculture and crop protection -- 7. Photocatalysis and photovoltaics -- 8. Conclusions -- References.
11 -- Lignin for metal ion remediation in aqueous systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metals: definition and characteristics -- 3. Metals toxicity -- 3.1 Copper -- 3.2 Cadmium -- 3.3 Chromium -- 3.4 Lead -- 3.5 Arsenic -- 3.6 Mercury -- 3.7 Zinc -- 3.8 Nickel -- 4. Lignin and remediation technologies for MTE polluted water -- 4.1 Ion exchange -- 4.2 Chemical precipitation -- 4.3 Chemical coagulation -- 4.4 Filtration with membranes -- 4.5 Electrochemical treatments -- 4.6 Phytoremediation -- 4.7 Adsorbents -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 12 -- Lignin nanoparticles in coatings for wood preservation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Wood decay -- 1.2 Wood preservation-an industrial perspective -- 2. Bio-based wood preservation strategies -- 3. Lignin and lignin nanoparticles in wood preservation-current examples -- 3.1 Lignin in coating formulations -- 3.2 Lignin as a nanocarrier material -- 4. Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 13 -- Chemical modification and functionalization of lignin nanoparticles -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formation and solvent stability of lignin nanoparticles -- 3. Covalent modification before nanoparticle synthesis -- 3.1 Esterification -- 3.2 Etherification -- 3.3 Amination -- 3.4 Other chemical modifications -- 3.5 Lignin-based polymeric materials: new players in the LNP arena -- 3.5.1 PLNPs derived from lignin-based polymeric materials for drug delivery applications -- 3.5.2 PLNPs derived from lignin-based polymeric materials in other applications -- 4. Covalent modification in dispersion state -- 4.1 EDC/NHS coupling chemistry for amide bond synthesis in dispersion state -- 4.2 Coprecipitation with an epoxy cross-linker for intraparticle curing -- 5. Noncovalent modification -- 5.1 Adsorption -- 5.2 Hybrid and composite particles -- 6. Other approaches to modified and stabilized particles -- 7. Future perspectives.
