| Edition |
Fourth edition. |
| Description |
xv, 605 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm |
|
text txt rdacontent |
|
unmediated n rdamedia |
|
volume nc rdacarrier |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| Contents |
Part 1 Language and Reasoning -- Chapter 1 Classification -- 1.1 Concepts and Referents -- 1.2 Rules of Classification -- 1.2A Consistent Principle -- 1.2B Essential Attributes -- 1.3 Levels of Organization -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 2 Definitions -- 2.1 The Functions of a Definition -- 2.2 Rules for Definitions -- 2.3 Constructing Definitions -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 3 Propositions -- 3.1 Propositions and Word Meaning -- 3.1A Connotations -- 3.1B Metaphors -- 3.2 Propositions and Grammar -- 3.2A Propositions and Sentence Structure -- 3.2B Connectives -- 3.2C Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses -- 3.2D Noun Clauses -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 4 Argument Analysis -- 4.1 Elements of Reasoning -- 4.1A Premise, Conclusion, and Argument -- 4.1B Recognizing Arguments -- 4.2 Diagramming Arguments 73 -- 4.3 Evaluating Arguments 79 -- 4.4 Induction and Deduction -- 4.5 Implicit Premises -- 4.6 Distilling Arguments -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 5 Fallacies -- 5.1 Subjectivist Fallacies -- 5.1A Subjectivism -- 5.1B Appeal to Majority -- 5.1C Appeal to Emotion -- 5.1D Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Baculum) -- 5.2 Fallacies Involving Credibility -- 5.2A Appeal to Authority (Argumentum ad Verecundiam) -- 5.2B Ad Hominem -- 5.3 Fallacies of Context -- 5.3A False Alternative -- 5.3B Post Hoc -- 5.3C Hasty Generalization -- 5.3D Accident -- 5.3E Slippery Slope -- 5.3F Composition and Division -- 5.4 Fallacies of Logical Structure -- 5.4A Begging the Question (Circular Argument) -- 5.4B Equivocation -- 5.4C Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad Ignorantiam) -- 5.4D Diversion -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Part 2 Deductive Logic -- Chapter 6 Categorical Propositions -- 6.1 Standard Form -- 6.1A Components of Categorical Propositions -- 6.1B Translating into Standard Form -- 6.2 The Square of Opposition -- 6.2A Contraries -- 6.2B Contradictories -- 6.2C Subalternates -- 6.2D Subcontraries -- 6.3 Existential Import -- 6.4 Venn Diagrams -- 6.5 Immediate Inference -- 6.5A Conversion -- 6.5B Obversion -- 6.5C Contraposition -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 7 Categorical Syllogisms -- 7.1 The Structure of a Syllogism -- 7.2 Validity -- 7.3 Enthymemes -- 7.4 Rules of Validity -- 7.4A Distribution -- 7.4B The Rules -- 7.4C Enthymemes and Rules -- 7.5 Venn Diagrams -- 7.5A Diagramming Syllogisms -- 7.5B Enthymemes and Venn Diagrams -- 7.5C Venn Diagrams and Existential Import -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 8 Reasoning with Syllogisms -- 8.1 Disjunctive Syllogisms -- 8.2 Hypothetical Syllogisms -- 8.2A Hypothetical Propositions -- 8.2B Forms of Hypothetical Syllogism -- 8.3 Distilling Deductive Arguments -- 8.3A Identifying the Form of a Syllogism -- 8.3B Nonstandard Quantifiers -- Extended Arguments -- 8.4A Categorical Syllogisms in Extended Arguments -- 8.4B Hypothetical Syllogisms in Extended Arguments -- 8.4C Extended Arguments with Elements of Different Types -- 8.4D Compound Components -- 8.4E Distilling an Extended Argument -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 9 Propositional Logic-Propositions -- 9.1 Connectives -- 9.1A Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction -- 9.1B Conditional and Biconditional -- 9.1C Truth Functions -- 9.2 Statement Forms -- 9.3 Computing Truth Values -- 9.4 Formal Properties and Relationships -- 9.4A Tautologies, Self-Contradictions, and Contingencies -- 9.4B Equivalence, Contradiction, and Consistency -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 10 Propositional Logic-Arguments -- 10.1 Truth Table Test of Validity -- 10.2 Truth Table Test: Short Form -- 10.3 Proof -- 10.3A Rules of Inference -- 10.3B Rules of Inference (Continued) -- 10.3C Constructing a Proof -- 10.4 Equivalence -- 10.4A Rules of Equivalence -- 10.4B Rules of Equivalence (Continued) -- 10.5 Conditional Proof and Reductio ad Absurdum -- 10.5A Conditional Proof -- 10.5B Reductio ad Absurdum -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 11 Predicate Logic -- 11.1 Singular and Quantified Statements -- 11.1A Singular Statements -- 11.1B Quantified Statements -- 11.2 Categorical Statements -- 11.3 Quantifier Scope and Statement Forms -- 11.3A Compound Statements Within the Scope of a Quantifier -- 11.3B Combining Quantified Statements -- 11.4 Proof -- 11.4A Using Propositional Rules -- 11.4B Equivalence Rule: Quantifier Negation -- 11.4C Inference Rules -- 11.4D Strategies for Proof -- 11.4E Conditional Proof and Reductio ad Absurdum -- 11.5 Relations and Multiple Quantification -- 11.5A Relations -- 11.5B Overlapping Quantifiers -- 11.5C Proof with Relational Statements -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Part 3 Inductive Logic -- Chapter 12 Inductive Generalizations -- 12.1 Generalizing -- 12.1A Three Rules for Generalizing -- 12.2 Causality -- 12.3 Agreement and Difference -- 12.4 Concomitant Variations and Residues -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 13 Argument by Analogy -- 13.1 Analogy and Similarity -- 13.2 Analysis and Evaluation -- 13.2A Finding the Connecting Term -- 13.2B Evaluation -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 14 Statistical Reasoning -- 14.1 Logic and Statistics -- 14.2 Using Statistics in Argument -- 14.2A Totals and Ratios -- 14.2B Frequency and Distribution -- 14.2C Average and Median -- 14.3 Statistical Generalization -- 14.4 Statistical Evidence of Causality -- 14.4A Correlation and Causality -- 14.4B Evaluating Correlations -- 14.4C Experiments Versus Observational Studies -- 14.4D External Validity -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 15 Explanation -- 15.1 Explanation and Argument -- 15.1A Diagramming Explanations -- 15.1B Evaluating Explanations -- 15.2 Adequacy of Hypotheses -- 15.2A Strength -- 15.2B Completeness -- 15.2C Informativeness -- 15.2D Combining the Standards -- 15.3 The Truth of Hypotheses -- 15.3A Testing Hypotheses -- 15.3B Plausibility -- Summary -- Additional Exercises -- Chapter 16 Probability -- 16.1 Probability Measures -- 16.2 The Probability Calculus -- 16.2A Conjunction 516 -- 16.2B Disjunction -- 16.2C Negation -- 16.2D Extending the Rules -- Summary -- Additional Exercises. |
| Subject |
Reasoning.
|
|
Logic.
|
|
Logic. (OCoLC)fst01002014
|
|
Reasoning. (OCoLC)fst01091282
|
| ISBN |
9780393930788 (pbk.) |
|
0393930785 (pbk.) |
|
