Enemies of freedom committed an act of war against America / George W. Bush -- The attacks were God's punishment for America's actions against Islam / Osama bin Laden -- Osama bin Laden wants to drive the West from the Islamic world / James S. Robbins -- The attacks were part of militant Islam's war against America / Daniel Pipes -- The terrorist attacks were not the result of U.S. actions / Peter Beinart -- U.S. policies in Islamic lands are a root cause of the terrorist attacks / Faisal Bodi -- The terrorists were waging a war the United States began / Samuel Francis -- "Blowback" from U.S. foreign policy is partially to blame for the attacks / Chalmers Johnson -- The financial backing of terrorist groups must be targeted / Jim Hoagland -- The United States should seek alternatives to military action / Joyce Neu -- The terrorist attacks should be treated as acts of war / Gary Dempsey -- The terrorist attacks should be treated as international crimes / David Held -- Bombing Afghanistan is the wrong response to the terrorist attacks / Matthew Rothschild -- Bombing Afghanistan was a necessary step in the war against terrorism / Michael Kelly -- The attacks revealed America's lack of preparedness against terrorism / Franklin Foer -- The terrorist attacks clarified the meaning of good and evil / William J. Bennett -- Evil is too simplistic an explanation for the terrorist attacks / Joel Bleifuss -- The world must respond to the attack on New York City / Rudolph W. Giuliani -- The attacks revealed the importance of the public sector / Jeff Faux -- The attacks marked the end of the post-cold war era / Robert D. Kaplan.